Ratio of iNOS:Arginase positive cells natively in the macrophage population. Count of positive INOS and Arginase cells normalized to total cells (DAPI). Higher magnification inset for cellular localization of staining. Representative images of iNOS (first column) and Arginase (third column) stained RAW 264.7 cells treated with 0 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml BMP2 (descending order). Inflammation Macrophage Polarization rhBMP2.Ĭopyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. This further reinforces the utility of rhBMP2 and other peptides in tissue engineering therapies when conditions are tightly controlled. These results further suggest that other factors associated with the clinical use of Infuse, likely supraphysiological rhBMP2 doses and off label usage, are more likely the culprit for poor outcomes. ![]() Our data give very little evidence to support an alteration in macrophage phenotype by rhBMP2 alone, or alteration of the phenotype when cultured in enriched M1 or M2 media. Our readouts were cell viability, apoptosis, gene expression of M1 and M2 markers, and ELISA for M1 marker iNOS, and M2 marker Arg1. Here we utilized commercially available murine macrophages, RAW 264.7, and treated these cells with rhBMP2 in standard growth media or macrophage polarizing media (M1 and M2) at several doses of the peptide. Based on our previous work, we hypothesized there would be no direct effect of the peptide on macrophage polarization. Here we set out to determine if rhBMP2 alters traditional macrophage markers associated with pro-inflammatory responses, and pro-reparative responses to injury. ![]() What is missing, despite the depth of literature on the subject, is a direct interrogation of rhBMP2, specifically for inflammation. Side effects associated with clinical use of rhBMP2 (Infuse, Medtronic Inc) include a marked inflammatory response, pain, therapeutic failures, ectopic bone, tissue degradation, and death. Once thought to have revolutionized therapeutic intervention in surgery, Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenic Protein 2 (rhBMP2) is now in its second decade of sustained controversy over the side effects associated with its use.
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